1.
The ocean's role in global warming stems principally from its huge capacity to absorb carbon dioxide and to store and transport heat. In the sea, photosynthesis by marine plants and algae, especially phytoplankton, removes great quantities of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Hence, the greater the growth (productivity) of phytoplankton in the sea, the greater the removal of carbon dioxide. Hence, the greater the growth (productivity) of phytoplankton in the sea, the greater the removal of carbon dioxide. But what controls the ocean's productivity? There are several limiting factors, but results from a recent experiment suggest that in areas of the ocean where other nutrients are plentiful, iron may be one of the most important and, until recently, unrecognized variables controlling phytoplankton production. Some have proposed a radical, highly controversial and uncertain means to counteract global warming - adding iron to the oceans to induce phytoplankton blooms. Perhaps increased phytoplankton growth would use up a significant amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, but perhaps not, and there might well be side effects that could be detrimental to the ocean system.
Within the ocean, the production of limestone, in the form of calcium carbonate skeletons or shells, also reduces atmospheric carbon dioxide. However, when deposits of limestone become exposed and weathered on land or are recycled in the sea, carbon dioxide is released back into the atmosphere. What is not well understood is how much carbon dioxide resides in the sea and at what rate it is taken up and recycled. Relatively new research has also discovered beneath the sea a new and potentially significant threat to skyrocketing Earth temperature: gas hydrates. Gas hydrates are a solid, crystalline form of water, like ice, except that they contain additional gas, typically methane, and are often found stored in ocean sediments. Increased ocean temperatures could cause gas hydrates to dissociate, releasing massive amounts of methane gas into the atmosphere and cause undersea landslides in the process. Consequently, hydrates may, if released, significantly increase global warming as well as create a geologic hazard to offshore drilling operations.
The ocean is also a great reservoir and transporter of heat. Heat from the ocean warms the atmosphere and fuels tropical storms. Heat is transported by currents from the equator to the poles. Ocean circulation is strongly controlled by wind and by the sea's balance of salt and heat. Scientists think that climate warming may slow down circulation, while cooling may speed it up, but these responses are not well understood. Evaporation from the ocean also supplies the precipitation that creates fields of snow and ice at high latitudes. Snow and ice coverage change the reflectivity Earth's surface and are an important influence on how much incoming radiation is either absorbed or reflected. Furthermore, clouds and water vapor in the atmosphere come mainly from the sea and strongly influence climate. Surprisingly, clouds are one of the least understood and most poorly modeled parts of the climate change equation. Most climate modeling grids fail to take into account common-sized cloud formations. Aerosols, tiny particles of soot, dust, and other materials, are thought to seed cloud formation scatter incoming radiation and promote cooling, but this effect, which would counteract warming is also only superficially understood. Computer models of climate change must take into account all of the processes within the ocean, over land, and in the sky that potentially influence warming. No wonder there is such uncertainty. No wonder there is such uncertainty.
1) According to paragraph 1, the results of full-scale climate models are questionable in part because
A) the supercomputers used for such modeling are large and complex
B) thousands of calculations have to be performed to assess conditions
C) past conditions cannot always be estimated accurately
D) there are multiple ways to represent the same aspect of climate
2) The word "principally" in the passage is closet in meaning to
3) Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A) Iron may be one of the most important factors in controlling phytoplankton production in ocean waters that are rich in other nutrients.
B) Although it was not recognized until recently, nutrients are plentiful in areas of the ocean where iron controls phytoplankton production.
C) Results from a recent experiment suggest that several factors limiting phytoplankton production in ocean waters have gone unrecognized.
D) Until recently, the importance of iron was not taken into account in experiments concerning phytoplankton production.
4) According to paragraph 2, how might increasing phytoplankton growth help lower global temperatures?
A) By cooling the oceans.
B) By decreasing carbon dioxide levels in the ocean
C) By reducing the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
D) By transporting heat from the ocean's surface to deeper levels.
5) According to paragraph 3, which of the following reduces atmospheric carbon dioxide?
A) The weathering of limestone
B) The production of limestone
C) The recycling of carbon dioxide
D) The presence of methane in gas hydrates
8) According to paragraph 3, why are gas hydrates a possible threat to the global climate?
A) If disturbed by offshore drilling, they can destroy limestone deposits.
B) They can replace regular ice at certain locations.
C) If melted, they may release a lot of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
D) They contain a lot of methane, which may be released as the ocean warms
D) They contain a lot of methane, which may be released as the ocean warms
